压力之下的玻璃内部结构变化

Glass has many applications that call for different properties, such as resistance to thermal¹ shock or to chemically harsh environments. Glassmakers commonly use additives² such as boron oxide³ to tweak these properties by changing the atomic structure of glass. Now researchers at the University of California, Davis, have for the first time captured atoms in borosilicate（硼硅酸盐） glass flipping⁴ from one structure to another as it is placed under high pressure. The findings may have implications for understanding how glasses and similar "amorphous⁵" materials respond at the atomic scale under stress, said Sabyasachi Sen, professor of materials science at UC Davis. Sen is senior author on a paper describing the work published Aug. 29 in the journal Science.   Boron oxide is often added to glass to control a range of properties, including chemical durability⁶, flow resistance, optical transparency and thermal expansion. Material scientists know that the structure around the boron atoms in borosilicate glass changes with pressure and temperature, switching from a flat triangular⁷ configuration⁸ with three oxygen atoms surrounding one boron atom to a four-sided tetrahedron（四面体）, with four oxygen atoms surrounding one boron.   Until know, material scientists have only been able to study these structures in one state or the other, but not in transition. Sen and graduate student Trenton Edwards developed a probe that enabled them to make nuclear magnetic resonance⁹ (NMR) measurements of the environment of boron atoms in glass under pressures up to 2.5 Gigapascal.   They found that under pressure, the flat triangles of boron and three oxygen atoms first deform¹⁰ into a pyramid shape, with the boron atom pushed up. That may bring it close to another oxygen atom, and let the structure turn into a tetrahedron, with four oxygen atoms surrounding one boron.   Intriguingly¹¹（有趣地）, although glass is structurally¹² isotropic and the stress on the glass is the same in all directions, the boron atoms respond by moving in one direction in relation to the rest of the structure.   "This is an unexpected finding that may have far-reaching implications for understanding a wide range of stress-induced phenomena¹³ in amorphous（无定形的） materials," Sen said.