海洋微生物对碳循环起重大作用

It's broadly understood that the world's oceans play a crucial role in the global-scale cycling and exchange of carbon between Earth's ecosystems¹ and atmosphere. Now scientists at Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego have taken a leap forward in understanding the microscopic² underpinnings of these processes. When phytoplankton（浮游植物） use carbon dioxide to make new cells, a substantial portion of that cellular³ material is released into the sea as a buffet⁴（自助餐） of edible⁵ molecules⁶ collectively called "dissolved organic carbon." The majority of these molecules are eventually eaten by microscopic marine⁷ bacteria, used for energy, and recycled back into carbon dioxide as the bacteria exhale⁸. The amount of carbon that remains⁹ as cell material determines the role that ocean biology plays in locking up atmospheric¹⁰ carbon dioxide in the ocean.   Thus, these "recycling" bacteria play an important role in regulating how much of the planet's carbon dioxide is stored in the oceans. The detailed¹¹ mechanisms¹² of how the oceans contribute to this global carbon cycle at the microscopic scale, and which microbes have a leadership role in the breakdown¹³ process, are complex and convoluted¹⁴（复杂的） problems to solve.   In a study published in the Proceedings¹⁵ of the National Academy of Sciences, Scripps scientists have pinpointed¹⁶ a bacterium¹⁷ that appears to play a dominant¹⁸ role in carbon consumption. Scripps's Byron Pedler, Lihini Aluwihare, and Farooq Azam found that a single bacterium called Alteromonas could consume as much dissolved organic carbon as a diverse community of organisms.   "This was a surprising result," said Pedler. "Because this pool of carbon is composed of an extremely diverse set of molecules, we believed that many different microbes with complementary abilities would be required to breakdown this material, but it appears that individual species may be pulling more weight than others when it comes to carbon cycling."   Pedler, a marine biology graduate student at Scripps, spent several years working with Scripps marine microbiologist Azam and chemical oceanographer Aluwihare in designing a system that would precisely¹⁹ measure carbon consumption by individual bacterial²⁰ species. Because carbon in organic matter is essentially#p#分页标题#e#²¹ all around us, the most challenging part of conducting these experiments is avoiding contamination.   "Much of the carbon cycling in the ocean happens unseen to the naked eye, and it involves a complex mix of processes involving microbes and molecules," said Azam, a distinguished²² professor of marine microbiology. "The complexity²³ and challenge is not just that we can't see it but that there's an enormous number of different molecules involved. The consequences of these microbial interactions are critically important for the global carbon cycle, and for us."