鳄鱼精确的听觉缘于耳间空腔

By reptile¹ standards, alligators² are positively³ chatty. They are the most vocal⁴ of the non-avian reptiles⁵ and are known to be able to pinpoint⁶ the source of sounds with accuracy. But it wasn't clear exactly how they did it because they lack external auditory structures. In a new study, an international team of biologists shows that the alligator's ear is strongly directional because of large, air-filled channels connecting the two middle ears. This configuration⁷ is similar in birds, which have an interaural（耳间的） canal that increases directionality.   "Mammals usually have large moveable ears, but alligators do not, so they have solved the problems of sound localization a little differently. This may also be the solution used by the alligator's dinosaur⁸ relatives," said Hilary Bierman, a biology lecturer at the University of Maryland.   The study, which was led by Bierman and UMD Biology Professor Catherine Carr, was published online in the Journal of Experimental Biology on March 26, 2014. The research was funded by the National Institutes of Health, National Science Foundation, Danish National Science Foundation and Carlsberg Foundation.   The UMD biologists -- along with researchers from the University of Massachusetts Lowell, University of Colorado Medical School and University of Southern Denmark -- collected anatomical（解剖学的）, biophysical and electrophysiological measurements of alligators to investigate the mechanisms¹⁰ alligators use to locate sounds.   "Different vertebrate lineages have evolved external and/or internal anatomical adaptations to enhance these auditory cues, such as pinnae and interaural canals," said Bierman.   First, the team tested how sound travelled around an alligator's head to investigate whether the animal somehow channels sound, listening for tiny time and volume differences in the sound's arrival at the two ears to help locate the origin. But the team found no evidence that the animal's body alters sound transmission sufficiently¹¹ for the animal to be able to detect the difference. And when the team measured alligators' brainstem responses to sounds, they were too fast for the animals to sense these small time differences.   Next, the team looked for internal structures in the alligators' heads that might propagate sound between the two eardrums. Viewing slices through the heads of young alligators, the team could clearly see two channels linking the two middle ears that could transmit sound between the two eardrums.   Sound reaches both sides of the eardrum -- travelling externally to reach the outer side and through head structures to the internal side -- to amplify#p#分页标题#e#¹² the vibration¹³ at some frequencies when the head is aligned¹⁴ with the sound. This maximizes the pressure differences on the two sides of the eardrum, magnifying the time difference between the sound arriving at the ear drum via two different paths to allow the animal to pinpoint the source. And when the team looked at the eardrum's vibration, they could see that it was amplified¹⁵ at certain frequencies, as they would expect if alligators use the pressure difference at the eardrum for orientation¹⁶.   Assembling all of the evidence together, the researchers suggest that the reptiles rely on magnified time difference at the eardrum to locate noises. They also suspect that this is the mechanism⁹ that the archosaur（古蜥） ancestors of modern crocodilians and birds used to pinpoint sounds.