植物在进化中也会产生武器

Rutting stags and clawing bears are but two examples of male animals fighting over a mate, but research in New Phytologist has uncovered the first evidence of similar male struggles leading to the evolution of weaponry in plants. The team, led by Dr. Andrea Cocucci from the Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal of Argentina, studied a species of milkweed (Apocynaceae), found in tropical climates. While plants do not mate like animals, but rather reproduce via pollinators（传粉者） such as insects or birds, competition between individuals to exploit those pollinators can result in confrontation¹ between the plants.   Milkweed reproduce by hooking sacs of pollen² grains, known as pollinia, to the bodies of birds and other pollinators, which can be unwittingly（不知情地） dropped into another flower to complete pollination³.   It is possible for multiple pollinarium to become entangled⁴ together due to the limited number of attachment⁵ points on the pollinator, and this Dr. Cocucci's team believe, is the source of confrontation.   The team studied the South America milkweed genus Oxypetalum and found horn-like structures on the pollinia sacs which have no obvious biological use. The paper suggests that these horns are used to prevent the sacs from being hooked together with pollinia from other parent plants.   "Our results suggest that neither self-propulsion nor well-developed sensory⁶ perception are required for sexual selection to take place through intrasexual struggles," said Dr. Cocucci. "Apparently⁷, only physical contact is enough to influence the mating success of competitors and to promote the evolution of defensive⁸ and attack weaponry."