塑料垃圾影响海洋生态系统

Scientists are revealing how microbes living on floating pieces of plastic marine¹ debris² affect the ocean ecosystem³, and the potential harm they pose to invertebrates⁴（无脊椎动物）, humans and other animals. New research being presented here today delves⁵ deeper into the largely unexplored world of the "Plastisphere" -- an ecological⁶ community of microbial organisms living on ocean plastic that was first discovered last year. When scientists initially⁷ studied the Plastisphere, they found that at least 1,000 different types of microbes thrive on these tiny plastic islands, and that they might pose a risk to larger animals, including invertebrates and humans. The original studies also showed that the Plastisphere's inhabitants included bacteria known to cause diseases in animals and humans.   Since then, researchers have been trying to figure out why these potentially dangerous bacteria live on the Plastisphere, how they got there and how they are affecting the surrounding ocean.   New evidence suggests that "super-colonizers" form detectable⁸ clusters on the plastic in minutes. Other findings indicate that some types of harmful bacteria favor plastics more than others. And, scientists are exploring if fish or other ocean animals may be helping⁹ these pathogens thrive by ingesting the plastic. That could allow bacteria to acquire additional nutrients¹⁰ as they pass through the guts¹¹ of the fish, said Tracy Mincer¹², an associate scientist at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Woods Hole, Mass.   Revealing this information could help scientists better understand how much of a potential threat these harmful bacteria pose and the role the Plastisphere plays in the larger ocean ecosystem, including its potential to alter nutrients in the water. That information could also help reduce the impact of plastic pollution in the ocean -- for instance, if plastics manufacturers learned how to make their products so they degrade at an optimal¹³（最佳的） rate, Mincer said.   "One of the benefits of understanding the Plastisphere right now and how it interacts with biota¹⁴ in general, is that we are better able to inform materials scientists on how to make better materials and, if they do get out to sea, have the lowest impact possible," said Mincer, who discovered the Plastisphere last year along with Linda Amaral-Zettler at the Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) and Erik Zettler at the SEA Education Association, both also in Woods Hole.   The Plastisphere team is presenting their latest research on these communities today at the 2014 Ocean Sciences Meeting, which is co-sponsored by the Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography, The Oceanography Society and the American Geophysical Union.   Other new results include discoveries about how the plastic is colonized#p#分页标题#e#¹⁵ and how it interacts with other marine organisms. Yet additional findings shed light on the similarities and differences between Plastisphere communities in different locations and on different types of plastic. This research could help scientists determine the age of plastic floating in the ocean, which could help them figure out how it breaks down in the water. It could also potentially aid in determining where the plastic debris came from, and how the plastic and the microbes that live on board could impact organisms that come into contact with them, the scientists said.   "It is clear," said Amaral-Zettler, "that the Plastisphere definitely has a function out there in the ocean" and these experiments seek to quantify what it is.