阿特拉斯山漂浮在熔岩层之上

The Atlas¹ Mountains defy the standard model for mountain structure in which high topography（地势） must have deep roots for support, according to a new study from Earth scientists at USC. In a new model, the researchers show that the mountains are floating on a layer of hot molten rock that flows beneath the region's lithosphere²（岩石圈）, perhaps all the way from the volcanic³ Canary Islands, just offshore⁴ northwestern Africa.   "Our findings confirm that mountain structures and their formation are far more complex than previously⁵ believed," said lead author Meghan Miller⁶, assistant professor of Earth sciences at the USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences.   The study, coauthored by Thorsten Becker, professor of Earth sciences at USC Dornsife, was published by Geology on Jan. 1, 2014 and highlighted by Nature Geoscience.   A well-established model for Earth's lithosphere suggests that the height of Earth's crust must be supported by a commensurate depth, much like how a tall iceberg⁷ doesn't simply float on the surface of the water but instead rests on a large submerged mass of ice. This property is known as "istostacy."   "The Atlas Mountains are at present out of balance, likely due to a confluence⁸ of existing lithospheric⁹ strength anomalies and deep mantle¹⁰ dynamics," Becker said.   Miller and Becker used seismometers to measure the thickness of the lithosphere -- that is, Earth's rigid¹¹ outermost¹² layer -- beneath the Altas Mountains in Morocco. By analyzing¹³ 67 distant seismic¹⁴ events with 15 seismometers, the team was able to use Earth's vibrations¹⁵ to "see" into the deep subsurface.   They found that the crust beneath the Atlas Mountains, which rise to an elevation¹⁶ of more than 4,000 meters, reaches a depth of only about 35 km -- about 15 km shy of what the traditional model predicts.   "This study shows that deformation¹⁷ can be observed through the entire lithosphere and contributes to mountain building even far away from plate boundaries" Miller said.   Miller's lab is currently conducting further research into the timing¹⁸ and effects of the mountain building on other geological processes.