解决大块金属玻璃的易脆性

From the production of tougher, more durable¹ smart phones and other electronic devices, to a wider variety of longer lasting² biomedical implants³, bulk metallic⁴ glasses are poised⁵ to be mainstay materials for the 21st Century. Featuring a non-crystalline amorphous⁶（无定形的，非晶形的） structure, bulk metallic glasses can be as strong or even stronger than steel, as malleable⁷（可塑的） as plastics, conduct electricity and resist corrosion⁸. These materials would seem to have it all save for one problem: they are often brittle⁹, with a poor and uneven¹⁰ resistance to fatigue¹¹ that makes their reliability¹² questionable¹³. The creation of multicomponent bulk-metallic glass composites is addressing this issue but the problem remains¹⁴ for monolithic¹⁵ metallic glasses, which are major components¹⁶ of bulk metallic composites.   A new study by a collaboration¹⁷ of Berkeley Lab and Caltech researchers may point the way to improving the fatigue resistance of monolithic bulk glasses. The collaboration found that a bulk metallic glass based on palladium displayed a fatigue strength as good as the best composite bulk metallic glasses and comparable to regular polycrystalline structural¹⁸ alloys¹⁹, such as steel, aluminum²⁰ and titanium. This study was led by Robert Ritchie, a materials scientist with Berkeley Lab's Materials Sciences Division and Caltech's William Johnson, one of the pioneers in the field of bulk metallic glass fabrication.   "We found that the unexpectedly high fatigue resistance（抗疲劳强度） in monolithic palladium-based bulk metallic glass arises from extensive shear²¹-band plasticity that results in a periodic staircase-like crack profile," Ritchie says. "The ease with which shear bands form in this palladium-based glass generates highly serrated cracks that resemble interlocking gear teeth and provide crack-tip blunting and shielding to limit the opening and closing of cracks. The effect is somewhat like trying to speak with a doughnut in your mouth."   Palladium is a metal with a high "bulk-to-shear" stiffness ratio that counteracts²² the intrinsic brittleness²³ of glassy materials because the energy needed to form shear bands is significantly lower than the energy required to turn these shear bands into cracks.   "The effect of multiple shear-banding is multifold," Ritchie says. "The formation of shear bands leads to extensive crack-tip blunting, which leads to intrinsic toughening, whereas the resulting crack deflections and closures lead to crack-tip shielding, which leads to extrinsic#p#分页标题#e#²⁴ toughening. These mechanisms²⁶, together with the high fatigue threshold, provide the major contributions to the excellent fatigue endurance strength shown by the monolithic palladium-based bulk metallic glass."   The results of this study have been published in the Proceedings²⁷ of the National Academy of Sciences. It is titled "Enhanced fatigue endurance of metallic glasses through a staircase-like fracture mechanism²⁵." Ritchie and Johnson are the corresponding authors. Other co-authors are Bernd Gludovatz, Marios Demetriou, Michael Floyd and Anton Hohenwarter.