哥斯达黎加发现277种新茧蜂

Costa Rica reveals astonishing biodiversity of braconid（茧蜂） wasps², with 277 new species of the tribe Heterospilini described in the latest special issue of the open access journal ZooKeys. This is the second part of an extensive two-part study of the braconid subfamily Doryctinae from Costa Rica, the first part published In this part, the authors Paul M. Marsh³, and Alexander L. Wild and James B. Whitfield, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, describe a total of 286 species of wasps within the tribe, but reveal a possibility of additional 50-100 species to be added to the counts.   "If the numerous unplaced species in the unsorted specimens⁴ we have looked at are added to the above figures, the enormous diversity of this genus in such a small locality becomes obvious." explains Dr Marsh. "We estimate that perhaps another 50-100 species could be added to the total to contribute to the astonishing biodiversity of Costa Rica."   This study is remarkable⁵ in one more way, being the first large monograph⁶ incorporating hundreds of species to be automatically registered on ZooBank as a part of an innovative⁷ workflow implemented⁸ for the first time in zoology⁹ by ZooKeys. Why is this important? The automated¹⁰ registration¹¹ saves many hours of manual work and reduces the risks of human mistakes in the data transfer.   The braconid family, to which the tribe described belongs, is a large and diverse group of parasitoid（拟寄生的） wasps. There are approximately 17,000 recognized species and many thousands more undescribed. Most braconids are internal and external parasitoids on other insects, especially upon the larval stages of beetles¹², flies and moths¹³.   Parasitoid wasps often present some of the most extraordinary and morbid¹⁴ techniques to ensure larval survival within the host. Some harbor and introduce into the host specific viruses for compromising host immune defenses. The DNA¹⁵ of the wasp¹ actually contains portions that are the templates for the components¹⁶ of the viral particles and they are assembled in an organ in the female's abdomen¹⁷ known as the calyx（盏，花萼）. Members of two subfamilies, Mesostoinae and Doryctinae, to which the tribe described belongs, are known to form galls¹⁸ on plants.