鱼类的生命之树

Fishes account for over half of vertebrate（脊椎动物的） species, but while groups such as mammals, birds and reptiles¹ have been fairly well understood by scientists for decades, knowledge about relationships among many types of fishes was essentially² unknown -- until now. A team of scientists led by Richard Broughton, associate professor of biology at the University of Oklahoma, published two studies that dramatically increase understanding of fish evolution and their relationships. They integrated extensive genetic³ and physical information about specimens⁴ to create a new "tree of life" for fishes. The vast amount of data generated through large-scale DNA⁵ sequencing required supercomputing resources for analysis. The result is the largest and most comprehensive studies of fish phylogeny（种系发生） to date. Broughton notes, "The scope of the project was huge in terms of the number of species examined and the number of genes⁶ analyzed⁷, and the new patterns of relationships among fish families result in what may be the broadest revision of fish systematics in history."   While some of the findings provide new support for previously⁸ understood fish relationships, others significantly change existing ideas. Many different groupings are proposed in this new tree. For example, tunas and marlins（旗鱼） are both fast-swimming marine⁹ fishes with large, streamlined bodies, yet they appear on very different branches of the tree. Tunas appear to be more closely related to the small, sedentary（久坐的） seahorses, whereas marlins are close relatives of flatfishes, which are bottom-dwelling and have distinctive¹⁰ asymmetric¹¹（不对称的） heads.   Beyond a better understanding of fishes themselves, the potential implications of this research are wide reaching, said Edward Wiley, curator of ichthyology at the University of Kansas. "Our knowledge about one group can be extended to closely related species, if we understand those relationships," Wiley said. He noted¹² that knowledge of evolutionary¹³ relationships among fishes improves scientists' ability to predict how closely related species might react to environmental factors such as climate change. It helps identify and target potential biomedically beneficial substances, and has broader applications related to exploring disease-causing genes and developmental processes shared with humans.   The fish tree is the result of years of work among a collaborative team of scientists as part of the National Science Foundation-funded Euteleost Tree of Life project. Researchers involved in the project include Broughton, Wiley and Guillermo Ortí, George Washington University; Kent Carpenter, Old Dominion#p#分页标题#e#¹⁴ University; Andrés Lopez, University of Alaska-Fairbanks; Guoqing Lu, University of Nebraska-Omaha; and Terry Grande, Loyola University of Chicago.