人类基因组的生化功能

Only about 1 percent of the human genome contains gene¹ regions that code for proteins, raising the question of what the rest of the DNA² is doing. Scientists have now begun to discover the answer: About 80 percent of the genome is biochemically active, and likely involved in regulating the expression of nearby genes³, according to a study from a large international team of researchers. The consortium, known as ENCODE (which stands for "Encyclopedia⁴ of DNA Elements"), includes hundreds of scientists from several dozen labs around the world. Using genetic⁵ sequencing data from 140 types of cells, the researchers were able to identify thousands of DNA regions that help fine-tune genes' activity and influence which genes are expressed in different kinds of cells.   Just as the sequencing of the human genome helped scientists learn how mutations in protein-coding genes can lead to disease, the new map of noncoding regions should provide some answers on how mutations in the regulatory elements lead to diseases such as lupus（狼疮） and diabetes⁷, says Manolis Kellis, an associate professor of computer science at MIT, an associate member of the Broad Institute and an author of a paper describing the findings in the Sept. 5 online edition of Nature.   "Humans are 99.9 percent identical to each other, and you only have one difference in every 300 to 1,000 nucleotides," Kellis says. "What ENCODE allows you to do is provide an annotation⁸（注释） of what each nucleotide of the genome does, so that when it's mutated, we can make some predictions about the consequences of the mutation⁶."   Kellis, who leads MIT's Computational Biology Group, is one of the principal investigators⁹ involved in the Nature paper. The ENCODE collaboration¹⁰ is publishing about two dozen additional papers this week detailing the new results.

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