解决创新问题需要多种方法

Innovative¹ problem solving requires trying many different solutions. That's true for humans, and now Michigan State University researchers show that it's true for hyenas²（土狼）, too. The study, published in the current issue of the Proceedings³ of the Royal Society B, presented steel puzzle boxes with raw meat inside to wild spotted⁴ hyenas in Kenya. To get the meat, the hyenas had to slide open a bolt latch⁵. Even though most of the animals had many opportunities to open the box, only nine out of 62 hyenas succeeded. The successful hyenas tried more solutions, including biting, flipping⁶ or pushing the box, than the ones that failed, said MSU zoology⁷ graduate student Sarah Benson-Amram.   Another requirement for success was not being afraid to approach new things. The wild hyenas had never seen a steel puzzle box before. And those hyenas that quickly contacted the box when they first saw it were more successful solving the problem than those hyenas that were slower to approach it. Although contacting unknown objects can be quite dangerous for wild animals, this research shows that risk-taking also has some benefits.   Surprisingly, one trait that did not necessarily lead to victory was persistence⁸, said Benson-Amram.   "While those who gave up quickly were more likely to fail, some hyenas that spent more time with the puzzle box appeared to get stuck in a rut（千篇一律） and would often try the same solutions over and over again," she said.   Like humans and other primates⁹, hyenas have relatively¹⁰ large brains, said Kay Holekamp, MSU zoologist¹¹ and co-author of the paper.   "A likely benefit of large brains is the ability to think flexibly about new situations and come up with solutions to novel problems," said Holekamp, co-principal investigator¹² at the BEACON¹³ Center for the Study of Evolution in Action.   The research was funded in part by the National Science Foundation.