hard
adjective uk/hɑ?d/ us/hɑ?rd/
(SOLID)
A2 坚硬的，坚固的
not easy to bend, cut, or break
a hard surface 坚硬的表面
There was a heavy frost last night and the ground is still hard. 昨晚霜冻很严重，地面现在仍很坚硬。
Heating the clay makes it hard. 黏土加热会变硬。
Opposite: soft
- More examples
- Babies like to chew on hard objects when they're teething.
- The ground was frozen hard and was impossible to dig.
- Brazil nuts have very hard shells.
- For running on hard roads, you need shoes with extra cushioning to absorb the shock.
- Mahogany is a hard wood and pine is a soft wood.
(DIFFICULT)
A1 困难的，费力的
difficult to understand, do, experience, or deal with
There were some really hard questions in the exam. 考试中有一些很难做的题目。
It's hard to say which of them is lying. 很难说他们当中哪个在说谎。
It's hard being a single mother. 做单身母亲很艰难。
#p#分页标题#e# Her handwriting is very hard to read. 她的字迹很难辨认。
He's a hard man to please. 他是个难以取悦的人。
The topics get harder later in the course. 在以后的课程中题目会更难。
I feel sorry for the kids, too - they've had a hard time. 我也觉得对不起孩子们——他们那一段过得很苦。
Opposite: easy
- More examples
- I found it hard to follow what the teacher was saying, and eventually I lost concentration.
- The exam is so hard that only 5% of all applicants pass.
- It was hard to be angry with him when he looked so penitent.
- They find it hard to live on their state pension.
- Ending a relationship is always hard but in this case it's for the best.
- The teacher found it hard to keep her class in order.
(USING EFFORT)
B1 耗费体力（或脑力）的；辛苦的
needing or using a lot of physical or mental effort
Go on - give it a good hard push! 继续——用力推一把！
It was hard work on the farm but satisfying. 农场的活儿很辛苦，但让人有满足感。
- More examples
- After all that hard work, you deserve a holiday.
- Give the rope a hard pull.
- I gave the door a hard push, but it still wouldn't open.
- After a hard climb, we were rewarded by a picture-postcard vista of rolling hills under a deep blue summer sky.
- The last part of the course is much harder.
(SEVERE)
B2 严厉的，苛刻的
#p#分页标题#e#not pleasant or gentle; severe
You have to be quite hard to succeed in the property business. 要想在房地产生意中获得成功，你必须相当强硬才行。
Ooh, you're a hard woman, Elaine! 噢，你真是个硬心肠的女人，伊莱恩！
Our boss has been giving us all a hard time at work (= making our time at work difficult). 我们老板一直都让我们工作的时候日子不好过。
be hard on someoneB2 对（某人）严厉批评;对（某人）不公平
to criticize someone severely, or to treat someone unfairly
Don't be too hard on him - he's new to the job. 别对他太苛刻——他刚开始做这项工作。
- More examples
- The authorities plan to come down hard on truancy in future.
- "Well okay, perhaps I was a little hard on her, " he conceded.
- The instructors worked us very hard on the survival course.
- Watch out for those two - they're well hard.
- Sports equipment is designed to withstand hard usage.
(ALCOHOL)
[ before noun ]（酒）烈性的，酒精含量高的
A hard drink contains a high level of alcohol.
hard liquor 烈性酒
(WATER)
（水）硬的，含矿物质较多的
Hard water contains a high level of minerals that prevent soap from cleaning.
(CLEAR)
[ before noun ]可证实的，确凿的
#p#分页标题#e#able to be proved
hard facts/evidence 确凿的事实／证据
(WEATHER)
（指某个时间）天气恶劣的
used to describe a time when there is bad weather
We had a very hard winter last year. 去年冬天天气非常恶劣。
Idioms
be no hard and fast rulesidiom 没有明确的规定
If there are no hard and fast rules, there are no clear rules for you to follow.
hard feelingsidiom （对争论对方的）愤怒
anger towards someone that you have argued with
So we're friends again, are we? No hard feelings? 那么我们又是朋友了，对吧？不生气了吧？
hard luck!idiom UK （用以表示同情）真不走运！
used to express sympathy to someone because something slightly bad has happened
"We lost again." "Oh, hard luck!" “我们又输了。”“ 噢，真不走运！”
(that's) your hard luckidiom UK informal 活该倒霉
#p#分页标题#e#said if you think that it is someone's own fault that something bad has happened to them
Well, if you missed the presentation because you couldn't be bothered to turn up on time, that's your hard luck! 嗯，如果你是因为不屑于劳神费力准时到场而误了发言，那是你活该倒霉！
hard to swallowidiom 令人难以置信
difficult to believe
I found her story rather hard to swallow. 我觉得她的说法让人难以置信。
the hard wayidiom 以不必要的费力的方式
a way of doing something that makes it more difficult than it needs to be
She always does things the hard way. 她做起事来总是费力不讨好。
C2 从吃苦头中（汲取教训）
If you learn something the hard way, you learn from unpleasant experiences rather than by being taught.
If she won't listen, she'll have to learn/find out the hard way. 如果她不听，那只好吃些苦头吸取教训了。
take a hard line on someone/somethingidiom 对…非常苛刻
to be very severe in the way that you deal with someone or something
hard
adverb uk/hɑ?d/ us/hɑ?rd/
(USING EFFORT)
A1 费劲地，努力地，艰难地
#p#分页标题#e#with a lot of physical or mental effort
Work hard and play hard, that's my motto. 努力工作痛快玩，这是我的座右铭。
I'm not surprised he failed his exam - he didn't exactly try very hard! 他没通过考试我一点都不感到奇怪——他根本就没用功。
- More examples
- Judy has never been very clever, but she tries hard.
- I don't like the man, but I have to admit that he works incredibly hard.
- This type of glass won't shatter no matter how hard you hit it.
- I kicked the ball as hard as I could.
- Blow really hard into the tube.
(WEATHER)
B1 （雨或雪下得）猛烈地，大量地
If it rains or snows hard, it rains or snows a lot.
It had been raining hard most of the afternoon. 大半个下午都在下暴雨。
Idioms #p#分页标题#e#
feel hard done-byidiom UK (also feel hard done-to) 觉得受到不公正的对待
to feel that you have been treated unfairly
I'm feeling hard done-by because I've been taking care of the kids all week and Steve's been out every night. 整整一周我都在看孩子，而史蒂夫每晚都出去玩，我觉得不公平。
hard at itidiom UK informal 努力干
putting a lot of effort into what you are doing
That's what I like to see - everybody hard at it! 这是我愿意看到的——每个人都在努力工作！
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