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The rate of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon has declined. An international team of scientists, including one from Virginia Tech, reviewed published research about policy interventions¹ and commodity market（商品市场） effects, and determined² that positive incentives³ for farmers, counties, and states can do as much to preserve forests as public policies that call for penalties.   "The challenge now is to build upon this progress," the team reports in an article in the June 6 issue of Science. "Some immediate⁴ and simple positive incentives for responsible, low-deforestation farmers could be established without major new policies or markets for ecosystem⁵ services."   Suggestions include simplified regulatory requirements or discounts on environmental licensing⁶ procedures, better terms on pre-harvest packages from commodity suppliers, and lower interest rates or better terms on loans from banks for legally compliant⁷ landholders.   "Still, deforestation is only one of the threats to the Amazon region," said Leandro Castello, an assistant professor of fish and wildlife conservation in the College of Natural Resources and Environment at Virginia Tech, a co-author of the review article.   "There is an urgent need to shift the Amazon conservation paradigm⁸ to encompass⁹（包含） the freshwater ecosystems¹⁰, which are being rapidly degraded by deforestation and construction of hydroelectric（水力发电的） dams," said Castello, who is first author on one of the articles reviewed. "We now know that freshwater ecosystems could be managed through policy and supply chains in a manner similar to that which is being done with deforestation."   Castello, whose specialty¹¹ is Amazon fisheries, is leading a team from the Woods Hole Research Center and the University of California, Santa Barbara, funded by NASA, assessing the impacts on wetlands and river ecosystems caused by extreme climatic events in collaboration¹² with Brazilian scientists.